The Didache in an example of an early teaching tool (late 1st or early 2nd century) which is compared by many to a Catechism. It is not in the question and answer form of the modern catechisms, rather it is a collection of propositions, prayers and rule for the Church. Because of the second section on Church Customs it is also classified with the Church Orders. The word didache means teaching and the work is also known as The Lord's Teaching Through the Twelve Apostles to the Nations. Compare this title to chapter 0 below. Scholars date it from the first century. It is likely a composite document that was developed over time. If the work is contemporary with some of the New Testament it is a look into the customs of the time. Some say that it is, in part, the source mater for the synoptic gospels or perhaps another compilation from those sources.  

Some early Christian writers treated the Didache as an important witness, Egyptian authors and compilers quoted it extensively in the 4th and 5th centuries. Eusebius of Caesarea quoted it in his Ecclesiastical History (early 4th century), although he did not include it in his list of canonical works (see canons). It formed the basis of chapter 7 of the 4th-century Apostolic Constitutions, a collection of early Christian discipline, worship, and doctrine, it likely served as a manual for the clergy. Origen (c. 250) disputed its origin as actual apostolic production. All this to say that while this is an important early Christian text, indeed one of the earliest, it did not make it into the Bible.

The Didache can be divided into three major parts: the first contrasting the ways of life with the way of death, the second is about Church customs. The final section is about the end times.

1. The two ways (1-6)
   1. The Way of Life (1-4)
      1. The shema (1.2)
      2. Gloss of the 10 commandments and the sermon on the mount (1.3-2.7)
      3. Flee evil (3)
      4. Against meanness -- Household duties -- Against hypocrisy (4)
   2. The way of death (5-6)
      1. Various lusts (5)
      2. Food offered to idols (6)
2. Church customs (7-15)
   1. Baptism (7)
   2. Fasting -- Prayers (8)
      1. Fasting (8.1)
      2. The Lord's Prayer (8.2)
      3. Pray three times a day (8.3)
   3. The Eucharist (9-10)
      1. The Cup (9.1-3)
      2. The Bread (9.4)
      3. Only the Baptised (9.5)
      4. The final prayer in the Eucharist (10)
   4. Travelling teachers (11)
      1. Acceptable Teachers (11.1)
      2. Apostles and Prophets (11.2-5)
   5. Travelling Christians (12)
   6. Prophets who desire to remain -- Their payment by firstfruits (13)
   7. The Sunday worship (14)
   8. Bishops and Deacons -- Mutual reproofs (15)
3. Final Warning that the end is at hand (16)

 https://www.britannica.com/topic/Didache 12/5/21

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didache 12/5/21

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DIDACHE:

The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles
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Further editing by St. Columba Press.
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Notes and formatting mine.

CHAPTER 0

¹ The Lord's teaching to the heathen by the Twelve Apostles.

Part I -- Rules for living

CHAPTER 1 - The two Ways -- The Way of Life 

The way of life begins with The Shema followed by the so-called "negative form of the Golden Rule."

¹ There are two Ways, one of Life and one of Death, and there is a great difference between the two Ways. ² The Way of Life is this: "First, thou shalt love the God who made thee, secondly, thy neighbor as thyself; and whatsoever thou wouldst not have done to thyself, do not thou to another." ³ Now, the teaching of these words is this: "Bless those that curse you, and pray for your enemies, and fast for those that persecute you. For what credit is it to you if you love those that love you? Do not even the heathen do the same?" But, for your part, "love those that hate you," and you will have no enemy. ⁴ "Abstain from carnal" and bodily "lusts." "If any man smite thee on the right cheek, turn to him the other cheek also," and thou wilt be perfect. "If any man impress thee to go with him one mile, go with him two. If any man take thy coat, give him thy shirt also. If any man will take from thee what is thine, refuse it not" -- not even if thou canst.

⁵ Give to everyone that asks thee, and do not refuse, for the Father's will is that we give to all from the gifts we have received. Blessed is he that gives according to the mandate; for he is innocent. Woe to him who receives; for if any man receive alms under pressure of need he is innocent; but he who receives it without need shall be tried as to why he took and for what, and being in prison he shall be examined as to his deeds, and "he shall not come out thence until he pay the last farthing." ⁶ But concerning this it was also said, "Let thine alms sweat into thine hands until you knows to whom thou art giving."

CHAPTER 2 - The second part of the teaching - prohibitions

Philtres - drinks supposed to arouse love and desire for a particular person in the drinker; a love potion. Infanticide was commonly practiced in the Roman Empire and in other surrounding cultures. Abortion was also legal and indeed common in the Roman Empire.

¹ But the second commandment of the teaching is this: ² "Thou shalt do no murder; thou shalt not commit adultery"; thou shalt not commit sodomy; thou shalt not commit fornication; thou shalt not steal; thou shalt not use magic; thou shalt not use philtres; thou shalt not procure abortion, nor commit infanticide; "thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's goods"; ³ thou shalt not commit perjury, "thou shalt not bear false witness"; thou shalt not speak evil; thou shalt not bear malice. ⁴ Thou shalt not be double-minded nor double-tongued, for to be double-tongued is the snare of death. ⁵ Thy speech shall not be false nor vain, but completed in action. ⁶ Thou shalt not be covetous nor extortionate, nor a hypocrite, nor malignant, nor proud; thou shalt make no evil plan against thy neighbor. ⁷ Thou shalt hate no man; but some thou shalt reprove, and for some shalt thou pray, and some thou shalt love more than thine own life.

CHAPTER 3 - Further advice to the catechumen

¹ My child, flee from every evil man and from all like him. ² Be not proud, for pride leads to murder, nor jealous, nor contentious, nor passionate, for from all these murders are engendered. ³ My child, be not lustful, for lust leads to fornication, nor a speaker of base words, nor a lifter up of the eyes, for from all these is adultery engendered. ⁴ My child, regard not omens, for this leads to idolatry; neither be an enchanter, nor an astrologer, nor a magician, neither wish to see these things, for from them all is idolatry engendered. ⁵ My child, be not a liar, for lying leads to theft, nor a lover of money, nor vain-glorious, for from all these things are thefts engendered. ⁶ My child, be not a grumbler, for this leads to blasphemy, nor stubborn, nor a thinker of evil, for from all these are blasphemies engendered, ⁷ but be thou "meek, for the meek shall inherit the earth;" ⁸ be thou long-suffering, and merciful and guileless, and quiet, and good, and ever fearing the words which thou hast heard. ⁹ Thou shalt not exalt thyself, nor let thy soul be presumptuous. Thy soul shall not consort with the lofty, but thou shalt walk with righteous and humble men. ¹⁰ Receive the accidents that befall to thee as good, knowing that nothing happens without God.

CHAPTER 4 - The duty of the catechumen to the Church -- Against meanness -- Household duties -- Against hypocrisy

¹ My child, thou shalt remember, day and night, him who speaks the word of God to thee, and thou shalt honor him as the Lord, for where the Lord's nature is spoken of, there is he present. ² And thou shalt seek daily the presence of the saints, that thou mayest find rest in their words. ³ Thou shalt not desire a schism, but shalt reconcile those that strive. Thou shalt give righteous judgment; thou shalt favor no man's person in reproving transgression. ⁴ Thou shalt not be of two minds whether it shall be or not. ⁵ Be not one who stretches out his hands to receive, but shuts them when it comes to giving. ⁶ Of whatsoever thou hast gained by thy hands thou shalt give a ransom for thy sins. ⁷ Thou shalt not hesitate to give, nor shalt thou grumble when thou gives, for thou shalt know who is the good Paymaster of the reward. ⁸ Thou shalt not turn away the needy, but shalt share everything with thy brother, and shalt not say that it is thine own, for if you are sharers in the imperishable, how much more in the things which perish?

⁹ Thou shalt not withhold thine hand from thy son or from thy daughter, but thou shalt teach them the fear of God from their youth up. ¹⁰ Thou shalt not command in thy bitterness thy slave or thine handmaid, who hope in the same God, lest they cease to fear the God who is over you both; for he comes not to call men with respect of persons, but those whom the Spirit has prepared. ¹¹ But do you who are slaves be subject to your master, as to God's representative, in reverence and fear.

¹² Thou shalt hate all hypocrisy, and everything that is not pleasing to the Lord. ¹³ Thou shalt not forsake the commandments of the Lord, but thou shalt keep what thou didst receive, "adding nothing to it and taking nothing away." ¹⁴ In the congregation thou shalt confess thy transgressions, and thou shalt not betake thyself to prayer with an evil conscience. This is the Way of Life.

CHAPTER 5 - The Way of Death

¹ But the Way of Death is this: First of all, it is wicked and full of cursing, murders, adulteries, lusts, fornications, thefts, idolatries, witchcrafts, charms, robberies, false witness, hypocrisies, a double heart, fraud, pride, malice, stubbornness, covetousness, foul speech, jealousy, impudence, haughtiness, boastfulness.

² Persecutors of the good, haters of truth, lovers of lies, knowing not the reward of righteousness, not cleaving to the good nor to righteous judgment, spending wakeful nights not for good but for wickedness, from whom meekness and patience is far, lovers of vanity, following after reward, unmerciful to the poor, not working for him who is oppressed with toil, without knowledge of him who made them, murderers of children, corrupters of God's creatures, turning away the needy, oppressing the distressed, advocates of the rich, unjust judges of the poor, altogether sinful; may ye be delivered, my children, from all these.

CHAPTER 6 - Food, and 'things offered to idols.'

Compare with Paul 4 So then, about eating food sacrificed to idols: We know that "An idol is nothing at all in the world" and that "There is no God but one." ... 7 But not everyone possesses this knowledge. Some people are still so accustomed to idols that when they eat sacrificial food they think of it as having been sacrificed to a god, and since their conscience is weak, it is defiled. 8 But food does not bring us near to God; we are no worse if we do not eat, and no better if we do. (I Corinthians 8.4, 7, 8)

¹ See "that no one make thee to err" from this Way of the teaching, for he teaches thee without God. ² For if thou canst bear the whole yoke of the Lord, thou wilt be perfect, but if thou canst not, do what thou canst. ³ And concerning food, bear what thou canst, but keep strictly from that which is offered to idols, for it is the worship of dead gods.

Part II -- Church customs

CHAPTER 7 - Baptism

¹ Concerning baptism, baptize thus: Having first rehearsed all these things, "baptize, in the Name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit," in running water; ² but if thou hast no running water, baptise in other water, and if thou canst not in cold, then in warm. ³ But if thou hast neither, pour water three times on the head "in the Name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit." ⁴ And before the baptism let the baptiser and him who is to be baptized fast, and any others who are able. And thou shalt bid him who is to be baptized to fast one or two days before.

CHAPTER 8 - Fasting -- Prayers

The Jewish tradition at the time was to fast on Mondays and Thursdays

¹ Let not your fasts be with the hypocrites, for they fast on Mondays and Thursdays, but do you fast on Wednesdays and Fridays.

² And do not pray as the hypocrites, but as the Lord commanded in his Gospel, pray thus:

"Our Father, who art in Heaven, hallowed be thy Name,
thy Kingdom come, thy will be done, as in Heaven so also upon earth;
give us to-day our daily bread,
and forgive us our debt as we forgive our debtors,
and lead us not into trial, but deliver us from the Evil One,
for thine is the power and the glory for ever."

³ Pray thus three times a day.

CHAPTER 9 - The Eucharist

The custom outlined by Paul has the bread first, which is the custom we follow today. This seems to have the cup first, followed by a full meal and then the bread. 23 For I received from the Lord what I also passed on to you: The Lord Jesus, on the night he was betrayed, took bread, 24 and when he had given thanks, he broke it and said, "This is my body, which is for you; do this in remembrance of me." 25 In the same way, after supper he took the cup, saying, "This cup is the new covenant in my blood; do this, whenever you drink it, in remembrance of me." ( I Corinthians 11.23-25). Here Paul seems to indicate that the service consists of a full meal. Chapter 10 is the final prayer. 20 So then, when you come together, it is not the Lord's Supper you eat, 21 for when you are eating, some of you go ahead with your own private suppers. As a result, one person remains hungry and another gets drunk. 22 Don't you have homes to eat and drink in? Or do you despise the church of God by humiliating those who have nothing? What shall I say to you? Shall I praise you? Certainly not in this matter! (I Corinthians 11.20-22)

¹ And concerning the Eucharist, hold Eucharist thus:

² First concerning the Cup, "We give thanks to thee, our Father, for the Holy Vine of David thy child, which, thou didst make known to us through Jesus thy child; to thee be glory for ever." ³ And concerning the broken Bread: "We give thee thanks, our Father, for the life and knowledge which thou didst make known to us through Jesus thy Child. To thee be glory for ever.

⁴ As this broken bread was scattered upon the mountains, but was brought together and became one, so let thy Church be gathered together from the ends of the earth into thy Kingdom, for thine is the glory and the power through Jesus Christ for ever."

⁵ But let none eat or drink of your Eucharist except those who have been baptized in the Lord's Name. For concerning this also did the Lord say, "Give not that which is holy to the dogs (Matthew 7.6)."

CHAPTER 10 - The final prayer in the Eucharist

¹ But after you are satisfied with food, thus give thanks:

² "We give thanks to thee, O Holy Father, for thy Holy Name which thou didst make to tabernacle in our hearts, and for the knowledge and faith and immortality which thou didst make known to us through Jesus thy Child. To thee be glory for ever. ³ Thou, Lord Almighty, didst create all things for thy Name's sake, and didst give food and drink to men for their enjoyment, that they might give thanks to thee, but us hast thou blessed with spiritual food and drink and eternal light through thy Child. ⁴ Above all we give thanks to thee for that thou art mighty. To thee be glory for ever.

⁵ Remember, Lord, thy Church, to deliver it from all evil and to make it perfect in thy love, and gather it together in its holiness from the four winds to thy kingdom which thou hast prepared for it. For thine is the power and the glory for ever. ⁶ Let grace come and let this world pass away. Hosanna to the God of David. If any man be holy, let him come! if any man be not, let him repent: Maranatha, Amen."

⁷ But suffer the prophets to hold Eucharist as they will.

CHAPTER 11 - Travelling teachers -- Apostles -- Prophets

¹ Whosoever then comes and teaches you all these things aforesaid, receive him. ² But if the teacher himself be perverted and teach another doctrine to destroy these things, do not listen to him, but if his teaching be for the increase of righteousness and knowledge of the Lord, receive him as the Lord.

³ And concerning the Apostles and Prophets, act thus according to the ordinance of the Gospel. ⁴ Let every Apostle who comes to you be received as the Lord, ⁵ but let him not stay more than one day, or if need be a second as well; but if he stay three days, he is a false prophet. ⁶ And when an Apostle goes forth let him accept nothing but bread till he reach his night's lodging; but if he ask for money, he is a false prophet.

⁷ Do not test or examine any prophet who is speaking in a spirit, "for every sin shall be forgiven, but this sin shall not be forgiven." ⁸ But not everyone who speaks in a spirit is a prophet, except he have the behavior of the Lord. From his behavior, then, the false prophet and the true prophet shall be known.

⁹ And no prophet who orders a meal in a spirit shall eat of it: otherwise he is a false prophet. ¹⁰ And every prophet who teaches the truth, if he do not what he teaches, is a false prophet.

¹¹ But no prophet who has been tried and is genuine, though he enact a worldly mystery of the Church, if he teach not others to do what he does himself, shall be judged by you: for he has his judgment with God, for so also did the prophets of old. ¹² But whosoever shall say in a spirit 'Give me money, or something else,' you shall not listen to him; but if he tell you to give on behalf of others in want, let none judge him.

CHAPTER 12 - Travelling Christians

¹ Let everyone who "comes in the Name of the Lord" be received; but when you have tested him you shall know him, for you shall have understanding of true and false. ² If he who comes is a traveller, help him as much as you can, but he shall not remain with you more than two days, or, if need be, three.

³ And if he wishes to settle among you and has a craft, let him work for his bread. ⁴ But if he has no craft provide for him according to your understanding, so that no man shall live among you in idleness because he is a Christian. ⁵ But if he will not do so, he is making traffic of Christ; beware of such.

CHAPTER 13 - Prophets who desire to remain -- Their payment by firstfruits

¹ But every true prophet who wishes to settle among you is "worthy of his food." ² Likewise a true teacher is himself worthy, like the workman, of his food. ³ Therefore thou shalt take the firstfruit of the produce of the winepress and of the threshing-floor and of oxen and sheep, and shalt give them as the firstfruits to the prophets, for they are your high priests.

⁴ But if you have not a prophet, give to the poor.

⁵ If you makes bread, take the firstfruits, and give it according to the commandment. ⁶ Likewise when you open a jar of wine or oil, give the firstfruits to the prophets. ⁷ Of money also and clothes, and of all your possessions, take the firstfruits, as it seem best to you, and give according to the commandment.

CHAPTER 14 - The Sunday worship

¹ On the Lord's Day of the Lord come together, break bread and hold Eucharist, after confessing your transgressions that your offering may be pure; ² but let none who has a quarrel with his fellow join in your meeting until they be reconciled, that your sacrifice be not defiled. ³ For this is that which was spoken by the Lord, "In every place and time offer me a pure sacrifice, for I am a great king," say the Lord, "and my name is wonderful among the heathen."

CHAPTER 15 - Bishops and Deacons -- Mutual reproofs

¹ Appoint therefore for yourselves bishops and deacons worthy of the Lord, meek men, and not lovers of money, and truthful and approved, for they also minister to you the ministry of the prophets and teachers. ² Therefore do not despise them, for they are your honorable men together with the prophets and teachers.

³ And reprove one another not in wrath but in peace as you find in the Gospel, and let none speak with any who has done a wrong to his neighbor, nor let him hear a word from you until he repents. ⁴ But your prayers and alms and all your acts perform as ye find in the Gospel of our Lord.

CHAPTER 16 - Warning that the end is at hand

¹ "Watch" over your life: "let your lamps" be not quenched "and your loins" be not ungirded, but be "ready," for ye know not "the hour in which our Lord cometh." ² But be frequently gathered together seeking the things which are profitable for your souls, for the whole time of your faith shall not profit you except ye be found perfect at the last time; ³ for in the last days the false prophets and the corrupters shall be multiplied, and the sheep shall be turned into wolves, and love shall change to hate; ⁴ for as lawlessness increases they shall hate one another and persecute and betray, and then shall appear the deceiver of the world as a Son of God, and shall do signs and wonders and the earth shall be given over into his hands and he shall commit iniquities which have never been since the world began.

⁵ Then shall the creation of mankind come to the fiery trial and "many shall be offended" and be lost, but "they who endure" in their faith "shall be saved" by the curse itself. ⁶ And "then shall appear the signs" of the truth. First the sign spread out in Heaven, then the sign of the sound of the trumpet, and thirdly the resurrection of the dead: ⁷ but not of all the dead, but as it was said, "The Lord shall come and all his saints with him." ⁸ Then shall the world "see the Lord coming on the clouds of Heaven."

http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/didache-lake.html 11/10/21

 

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