Various Christian Chronographers. For some details on this and other opinions on the age of creation and the meaning of time in general click here.

Adam and Eve had close fellowship with God and walked with Him in the cool of the day. At some point they declared their independence and subsequently lost this close relationship.

Sumer was an ancient civilization founded in the Mesopotamia region of the Fertile Crescent situated between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Known for their innovations in language, governance, architecture and more, Sumerians are considered the creators of civilization as modern humans understand it. Their control of the region lasted for short of 2,000 years before the Babylonians took charge in 2004 B.C. (history.com)

Sumer is considered to be the most ancient civilization

Traditionally accepted time of Krishna's life on Earth. As far as whether Krishna is historical we find statements like this:

Krishna is neither mythological nor historical, but transcendental. He is the Supreme Person who lives eternally in his transcendental abode and he descended five thousand years ago to this world to re-establish cosmic order. The activities he performed during his descent can be called historical, though, accurately speaking, they are eternal, manifesting to human vision through history. (quora.com)

That said there is archaeological evidence for some of the Hindu scriptures. 

According to Jewish tradition Nimrod was the builder of the tower of Babel (at a site that will later become Babylon) and the first world ruler. He was ruling during the time of Abraham. There are traditional Jewish and Islamic stories that tell of confrontations that Abraham had with Nimrod over Abram's notion of God and Nimrod's claim to be a god.

Abraham

Abraham is a pivotal character in Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Almost alone among the people of his time he believed in and followed the one true God.

Called the father of all faithful

Ishmael

Ishmael is the son of Abraham by Hagar, Sarah's Egyptian maid.

Isaac

Son af Abraham by his wife Sarah

Jacob

Dates from Tribes of Israel Rose Publishing LLC

Joseph

In my youth I learned that Hamurabi was thought by many to be the originator of notion of law but as the Law page shows he is part of a wider legal tradition. There are also those who say that Hammurabi's code was the basis for the Mosaic law, I do not think that they are similar enough to make that claim.

Hammurabi (ruled ca. 1796 BC – 1750 BC) believed that he was chosen by the gods to deliver the law to his people. In the preface to the law code, he states, "Anu and Bel called by name me, Hammurabi, the exalted prince, who feared god, to bring about the rule of righteousness in the land." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi)

Dates this far back in history are quite squishy.  There are many opinions on the matter including that it did not happen at all because it is not mentioned in the annals of the Kingdoms of Egypt.  It should be noted, however that there were several times in Egyptian history where Egypt was ruled by foreigners and times when there was no official court at all.  

The Vedas are said to be the oldest layer of Sanskrit literature. According to Hindu tradition they are based on an older oral traditions.

Sutra in Indian literary traditions refers to an aphorism or a collection of aphorisms in the form of a manual or, more broadly, a condensed manual or text.

Brahmanas are commentaries on the Vedas, composed in Sanskrit c. 900–700 BC and containing expository material relating to Vedic sacrificial ritual.

Of the three "paths" of Hinduism, bhakti (devotion), jnana (the path of knowledge) and the path of ritual and good works (karma) represented are represemted in these works.

• First Kings 6.1 states that the exodus happened 480 years before Solomon's fourth year (966 bc). Working backward, this dates the exodus at 1446 bc.
• In Judges 11.26, Jephthah (around 1100 BC) claimed that Israel had been in Canaan for 300 years. Adding 40 years for the wilderness journey, this places the exodus around 1440 bc.
• The Amarna Letters/Tablets (around 1400 BC) are correspondence written between Egyptian officials and representatives in Canaan. These letters speak of a period of chaos in Canaan, which could be Joshua's conquest 40 years after the exodus. The letters also make mention of a group referred to in Akkadian as the hapiru—social outcasts/nomads, slaves, or migrant workers—possibly the Israelites at that time.
• The Merneptah Stele (around 1220 bc) is an inscription recounting an Egyptian ruler's victories. The stele makes mention of "Israel" as an established group in Canaan. The low date of 1290 BC does not provide enough time for Israel to be well established by the date of this stele.
• The Dream Stele (1401 bc) indicates that Pharaoh Thutmose IV was not the firstborn legal heir to the throne, hinting at the idea that the firstborn son of Pharaoh Amenhotep II (1453–1426 bc) had died.

https://static.hendricksonrose.com//echarts/Rose_Bible_eCharts_DeluxeThenandNow_Time_Line_Maps_of_the_Exodus.pdf

The "standard" Akkadian version of the Epic of Gilgamesh was edited by Sin-liqe-unninni.

• No references to "Israel" as a people have been discovered outside the Bible prior to the Merneptah Stele (around 1220 bc).
• The cities that the Bible says the Hebrews built while in Egypt (Pithom and Rameses; Ex. 1:11) were completed by Pharaoh Ramses II (1304–1237 bc). Biblical dating can be understood as symbolic, so the 480 years mentioned in 1 Kings 6:1 is a period of 12 generations (40 years per generation).
• Biblical dates may also be exaggerated or generalized, such as Jephthah's claim of 300 years (Judg. 11:26).
• The time frames for the various judges mentioned in the book of Judges may have overlapped. This would account for a shorter period of time for Joshua's conquest, settlement, and the era of judges, making a low date possible.

https://static.hendricksonrose.com//echarts/Rose_Bible_eCharts_DeluxeThenandNow_Time_Line_Maps_of_the_Exodus.pdf

The Greek Dark Ages begins. The Greek nation in one form or another lasts from 1200 - 295 BC (see Greek History).

Olmecs, located in ancient Mexico, prospered from c. 1200 - 400 BC. They are generally considered the forerunner of all subsequent Mesoamerican cultures including the Maya and Aztecs. 

The Late Bronze age collapse was a time of widespread societal collapse. It affected a large area of the Eastern Mediterranean (North Africa and Southeast Europe) and the Near East, in particular Egypt, eastern Libya, the Balkans, the Aegean, Anatolia, and the Caucasus. It was sudden, violent, and culturally disruptive for many Bronze Age civilizations, and it brought a sharp economic decline to regional powers, notably ushering in the Greek Dark Ages.

Some associate this time with the book of Joshua in the Bible. Others put Joshua around 1405 BC. This would correspond to the early date of Exodus above.

Kingdom of Israel and Judah

The Upanishads are actually regarded as part of the Vedas by many. The oldest date from the 700 BC while some of the youngest may date form the middle ages.

They represent the second "path" of Hinduism; jnana, the way of "knowledge." The practice outlined is Mystical: recognition of Atman-Brahman identity and withdrawal form the world--monasticism.

Founding of Rome by Romulus. The Mythical story of Romulus and Remus is thought by some to have some historical basis. A roman timeline is here.

Shinto is considered animistic. That is the belief that plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena have spiritual dimensions and that supernatural power organizes and animates the material universe.

Shinto does not have a founder nor does it have sacred scriptures like the Sutras or the Bible. It is therefore hard to trace its beginnings. Dates from 660 BC to 300 BC have been proposed.

Shinto "gods" are called kami. They are sacred spirits which take the form of things and concepts important to life, such as wind, rain, mountains, trees, rivers and fertility. Humans become kami after they die and are revered by their families as ancestral kami. The kami of extraordinary people are even enshrined at some shrines.

ZOROASTRIANISM

Chaldea (Babylonia)

Zoroaster (the Greek name by which the Persian prophet Zarathustra has become known) is traditionally believed to have lived and taught in the early part of the 6th century BC.

According to Corduan (1998: ) Zoroaster led or tried to lead a monotheistic revival. More than having a new idea himself, he was trying to call people back to the one God (Ahura mazda).

The Magi of the Christmas story were perhaps Zoroastrians or perhaps students of Daniel when he was in charge of the magicians in Babylon.

Many other prophets are mensioned in the Qur'an but not Zoroaster, although it is said...

...for every Ummah (a community or a nation), there is a Messenger; when their Messenger comes, the matter will be judged between them with justice, and they will not be wronged. (Qur'ân 10:47)

Babylonian Captivity of the Jews.

Daniel and his friends taken to Babylon. Book of Daniel. The deportation to Babylon is in 3 stages, this is the first.

TAOISM (China)

The classic text of Taoism is the Tao Te Ching. According to tradition, it was written around 6th century BC by the Taoist sage Lao Zi (or Lao Tzu, "Old Master"), a librarian or record-keeper at the Zhou Dynasty court. The text is known by his name in China. The text's true authorship and date of composition or compilation are still debated.

JAINISM (India)

Jainism, traditionally known as Jain Dharma is a religion and philosophy originating in Ancient India. The Jains follow the teachings of the 24 Jinas (conquerors) who are also known as Tirthankaras. The 24th Tirthankara, Lord Mahavira lived in ca. 6th century BC. One of the main characteristics of Jain belief is the emphasis on the immediate consequences of one's behavior (Instant karma years before John Lennon).
(Wikipedia 10/15/07)

With the fall of Jerusalem, the destruction of the first temple and the exile of most of the rest of the Jews, the the political Kingdom of Judah is no more.

Kong Fuzi (Confucius) (551–479 BC) was a famous sage and social philosopher of China whose teachings have deeply influenced East Asia for twenty centuries. The relationship between Confucianism and Confucius himself, however, is tenuous. Confucius' ideas were not accepted during his lifetime and he frequently bemoaned the fact that he remained unemployed by any of the feudal lords. (Wikipedia 10/15/07)

With the conquering of Babylon by the Persians. Cyrus the Great allows the beginning of the return home for the Jews. At least some of them took advantage of the offer and there were at least three waves of migration during the 530s and 520s.

Siddhārtha Gautama (ca. 563 BC to 483 BC) was the founder of Buddhism but he left no writings of his own. His teachings and monastic rules were collected in written form some 400 years after his death.

Buddhism is a Dharmic religion coming out of the Hindu traditions but rejecting the caste system and, in some versions, the gods as well.

Restoration of the Temple in Jerusalem. 516 BC - 70 is widely considered the "Second Temple Period."  

Alexander III of Macedon conquest and rule.

This period is called the Helenistic (from what the Greeks called themselves) as it is the height of the Greek empire and culture. As can be seen by clicking the link, there is more to Greek history than just these few years. This date range is chosen from the conquest of Alexander the Great to the conquest of the Greek Hartland by the Romans. Many writers seem to use the Greco-Roman period as the beginning of all history, while it may well be the beginning of western thought, there is more to the story that that.

As far as Western Thought is concerned many just think of the big three.

Socrates (470 BC–399 BC)
Plato (427 BC – 347 BC)
Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC)

These are well before Alexander the Great and the Greek Empire. There is more to that story as well and a much longer history of Greco-Roman Philosophy as can be seen here.

Emperor Asoka of India, converts to Buddhism

The Ramayana. and Mahabaratha-Gita are epic poems relating stories of Hindu gods and demi-gods. They are used as devotional texts in various forms of Hisnuism.

Bhakti Hinduism represents the third path of Hinduism, that is, devotion to a god or goddess; there are three main schools of Bhakti Hinduism according to the god or goddess that is the focus of devotion Vishnu, Shiva and Shakti.

Qin (Ch'in) Dynasty in China. Building of the Great Wall.

First dynasty to embrace Confucianism

Syria, Damascus

The Maccabees were Jewish zealots who led a successful revolt against the Roman occupation and for a time reestablished a Jewish state. Known as the Hasmonean Dynasty, it lasted 80 years until Alexander the Great came through.

Chanukah, the feast of dedication, is the celebration of the rededication of the temple by Judas Maccabee and his bunch.

There are 4 books of the Maccabees, some apocryphal and some extra Biblical, that tell the stories of this time. The miracle of Chanukah is recorded only in the Talmud.

Julius Caesar is assassinated in 44 BC which ends the Roman Republic.

The Western part of the Roman Empire falls in 476.

The Eastern part continues as what is known as the Byzantine Empire to those of us in the West.

Many think that Pope Gregory XIII (and his expert panel) got the Gregorian Calendar wrong and that Jesus was likely born around 4 BC, he began his ministry when he was 30 and taught for about 3 years before being crucified.

The Maya is a Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as for its art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems. Although their society peaked during this period they were no doubt founded on other more ancient peoples. Their influence is felt to this day in much of Central America where they still make up a portion of the population.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilization 9/5/11

Roman Emperors Constantine I and Licinius issued the Edict of Milan that legalized Christianity across the whole Roman Empire.

Christianity will eventually become the Official Religion of the Roman Empire. 

Begins "unifying" definition of Christian Orthodoxy

Emperor Theodosius I makes Christianity the official state religion of Rome. Edictum de fide catholica dated 27 February 380.

Theodosian and the Theodocian decrees

The Theodosian decrees came about between 389-391. These produced a practical ban on paganism. Visits to the temples were forbidden, the remaining Pagan holidays abolished, the eternal fire in the Temple of Vesta in the Roman Forum extinguished, the Vestal Virgins disbanded, auspices and witchcraft punished.

In 392 he became Emperor of the whole Empire (the last one to do so). He issued a comprehensive law that prohibited any Pagan ritual even within the privacy of one's home, and was particularly oppressive of Manicheans. He is likely to have suppressed the Ancient Olympic Games, whose last record of celebration is from 393.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I 9/27/11

Nestorian Schism – the issue is the nature of Christ: Human and/or Divine.

Schism with Oriental Orthodoxy over Christological issues. Chalcedon declares that Jesus is God and man having two natures without confusion, change, division, or separation. Not a new concept but the details are disputed.

The Fall of Rome is conventionally dated in 476 because that's when the Germanic warrior Odoacer deposed the last Roman emperor, Romulus, in the western part of the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire continued in the East, in the West it is generally called the Byzabtine Empire.

Zen's golden age began with the Sixth Patriarch, Hui-neng (638-713), and ended with the persecution of Buddhism in China in the middle of the 9th century CE. Most of those we think of today as the great Zen masters came from this period. Zen Buddhism survived the persecution though it was never the same again in China.

Zen spread to Korea in the 7th century CE and to Japan in the 12th century CE. It was popularised in the West by the Japanese scholar Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki (1870 - 1966); although it was found in the West before that. (BBC)

The word Tantrism is of western construction but it refers to a philosophy according to which Shakti is usually the main deity worshipped, and the universe is regarded as the divine play of Shakti and Shiva. The Sanskrit word Tantra also applies to any of the scriptures (called "Tantras") commonly identified with the worship of Shakti.

Some references call it a feature of a Dharmic religion some call it a religion on its own.

Hegira is from an Arabic word meaning migration. The Hegira is the emigration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to the city of Medina in 622, marking the first year of the Islamic calendar, 1 AH (anno higirae).

Abu Bakr was Muhammad's father-in-law. This branch will become Suni Islam. War ensues and Islam becomes divided and remains so til this day.

The Shia were loyal to Ali, Mohammad's son-in-law, the husband of His favorite daughter.

Dome of the Rock built

It is often said by non-Anglicans that king Henry VIII started the Anglican Church. Anglicans point to Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury in the time of King Henry VIII, who was able to bring Martin Luther's rediscovery of justification by faith alone into the heart of the Church of England.

Henry VIII could not have made the reforms on his own; he did need some the support of the Bishops and people.

Anglicans also point to the fact that the missionary Church in first century Briton was remote and autonomous at its founding and only became associated with Rome much later.

Reformed Traditions

Roman Catholic response to the reformers. Pope John III (reigned 1534–49)

Episcopalians. The Episcopal Church in the United States was formed primarily because the Anglican Church was and is an Established State Church of the British Empire.

As relations between Britton and the Colonies frayed so a Church that was not affiliated with the British Crown was necessary.

Teaches that all religions are the same but commonly thought to be an offshoot of Islam.

C. S. Lewis calls communism that greatest of Christian heresies.

B. Prabhupada

Hinduism repackaged for the west